Markup Tags
HTML
This element tells your browser that the file contains HTML-coded information. The file extension .html also indicates this an HTML document and must be used. (If you are restricted to 8.3 filenames (e.g., LeeHome.htm, use only .htm for your extension.)
HEAD
The head element identifies the first part of your HTML-coded document that contains the title. The title is shown as part of your browser's window (see below).
TITLE
The title element contains your document title and identifies its content in a global context. The title is typically displayed in the title bar at the top of the browser window, but not inside the window itself. The title is also what is displayed on someone's hotlist or bookmark list, so choose something descriptive, unique, and relatively short. A title is also used to identify your page for search engines (such as HotBot or Infoseek).
For example, you might include a shortened title of a book along with the chapter contents: NCSA Mosaic Guide (Windows): Installation. This tells the software name, the platform, and the chapter contents, which is more useful than simply calling the document Installation. Generally you should keep your titles to 64 characters or fewer.
BODY
The second--and largest--part of your HTML document is the body, which contains the content of your document (displayed within the text area of your browser window). The tags explained below are used within the body of your HTML document.
Headings
HTML has six levels of headings, numbered 1 through 6, with 1 being the largest. Headings are typically displayed in larger and/or bolder fonts than normal body text. The first heading in each document should be tagged <H1>.
The syntax of the heading element is:
<Hy>Text of heading </Hy>
where y is a number between 1 and 6 specifying the level of the heading.
Do not skip levels of headings in your document. For example, don't start with a level-one heading (<H1>) and then next use a level-three (<H3>) heading.
Paragraphs
Unlike documents in most word processors, carriage returns in HTML files aren't significant. In fact, any amount of whitespace -- including spaces, linefeeds, and carriage returns -- are automatically compressed into a single space when your HTML document is displayed in a browser. So you don't have to worry about how long your lines of text are. Word wrapping can occur at any point in your source file without affecting how the page will be displayed.
In the bare-bones example shown in the Minimal HTML Document section, the first paragraph is coded as
<P>Welcome to the world of HTML.
This is the first paragraph.
While short it is
still a paragraph!</P>
In the source file there is a line break between the sentences. A Web browser ignores this line break and starts a new paragraph only when it encounters another <P> tag.
Important: You must indicate paragraphs with <P> elements. A browser ignores any indentations or blank lines in the source text. Without <P> elements, the document becomes one large paragraph. (One exception is text tagged as "preformatted," which is explained below.) For example, the following would produce identical output as the first bare-bones HTML example:
<H1>Level-one heading</H1>
<P>Welcome to the world of HTML. This is the first paragraph. While short it is still a paragraph! </P>
<P>And this is the second paragraph.</P>
To preserve readability in HTML files, put headings on separate lines, use a blank line or two where it helps identify the start of a new section, and separate paragraphs with blank lines (in addition to the <P> tags). These extra spaces will help you when you edit your files (but your browser will ignore the extra spaces because it has its own set of rules on spacing that do not depend on the spaces you put in your source file).
NOTE: The </P> closing tag may be omitted. This is because browsers understand that when they encounter a <P> tag, it means that the previous paragraph has ended. However, since HTML now allows certain attributes to be assigned to the <P> tag, it's generally a good idea to include it.
Using the <P> and </P> as a paragraph container means that you can center a paragraph by including the ALIGN=alignment attribute in your source file.
<TT><P ALIGN=CENTER></TT>
This is a centered paragraph.
[See the formatted version below.]
</P>
This is a centered paragraph.
It is also possible to align a paragraph to the right instead, by including the ALIGN=RIGHT attribute. ALIGN=LEFT is the default alignment; if no ALIGN attribute is included, the paragraph will be left-aligned.
Lists
HTML supports unnumbered, numbered, and definition lists. You can nest lists too, but use this feature sparingly because too many nested items can get difficult to follow.
Unnumbered Lists
To make an unnumbered, bulleted list, start with an opening list <UL> (for unnumbered list) tag
enter the <LI> (list item) tag followed by the individual item; no closing </LI> tag is needed
end the entire list with a closing list </UL> tag
Below is a sample three-item list:
<UL>
<LI> apples
<LI> bananas
<LI> grapefruit
</UL>
The output is:
apples
bananas
grapefruit
The <LI> items can contain multiple paragraphs. Indicate the paragraphs with the <P> paragraph tags.
Numbered Lists
A numbered list (also called an ordered list, from which the tag name derives) is identical to an unnumbered list, except it uses <OL> instead of <UL>. The items are tagged using the same <LI> tag. The following HTML code:
<OL>
<LI> oranges
<LI> peaches
<LI> grapes
</OL>
produces this formatted output:
1. oranges
2. peaches
3. grapes
Definition Lists
A definition list (coded as <DL>) usually consists of alternating a definition term (coded as <DT>) and a definition definition (coded as <DD>). Web browsers generally format the definition on a new line and indent it.
The following is an example of a definition list:
<DL>
<DT> NCSA
<DD> NCSA, the National Center for Supercomputing
Applications, is located on the campus of the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
<DT> Cornell Theory Center
<DD> CTC is located on the campus of Cornell
University in Ithaca, New York.
</DL>
The output looks like:
NCSA
NCSA, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, is located on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Cornell Theory Center
CTC is located on the campus of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.
The <DT> and <DD> entries can contain multiple paragraphs (indicated by <P> paragraph tags), lists, or other definition information.
The COMPACT attribute can be used routinely in case your definition terms are very short. If, for example, you are showing some computer options, the options may fit on the same line as the start of the definition.
<DL COMPACT>
<DT> -i
<DD>invokes NCSA Mosaic for Microsoft Windows
using the initialization file defined in the path
<DT> -k
<DD>invokes NCSA Mosaic for Microsoft Windows in
kiosk mode
</DL>
The output looks like:
-i
invokes NCSA Mosaic for Microsoft Windows using the initialization file defined in the path.
-k
invokes NCSA Mosaic for Microsoft Windows in kiosk mode.
Nested Lists
Lists can be nested. You can also have a number of paragraphs, each containing a nested list, in a single list item.
Here is a sample nested list:
<UL>
<LI> A few New England states:
<UL>
<LI> Vermont
<LI> New Hampshire
<LI> Maine
</UL>
<LI> Two Midwestern states:
<UL>
<LI> Michigan
<LI> Indiana
</UL>
</UL>
The nested list is displayed as
A few New England states:
Vermont
New Hampshire
Maine
Two Midwestern states:
Michigan
Indiana
Preformatted Text
Use the<PRE> tag (which stands for "preformatted") to generate text in a fixed-width font. This tag also makes spaces, new lines, and tabs significant -- multiple spaces are displayed as multiple spaces, and lines break in the same locations as in the source HTML file. This is useful for program listings, among other things. For example, the following lines:
<PRE>
#!/bin/csh
cd $SCR
cfs get mysrc.f:mycfsdir/mysrc.f
cfs get myinfile:mycfsdir/myinfile
fc -02 -o mya.out mysrc.f
mya.out
cfs save myoutfile:mycfsdir/myoutfile
rm *
</PRE>
display as:
#!/bin/csh
cd $SCR
cfs get mysrc.f:mycfsdir/mysrc.f
cfs get myinfile:mycfsdir/myinfile
fc -02 -o mya.out mysrc.f
mya.out
cfs save myoutfile:mycfsdir/myoutfile
rm *
The <PRE> tag can be used with an optional WIDTH attribute that specifies the maximum number of characters for a line. WIDTH also signals your browser to choose an appropriate font and indentation for the text.
Hyperlinks can be used within <PRE> sections. You should avoid using other HTML tags within <PRE> sections, however.
Note that because <, >, and & have special meanings in HTML, you must use their escape sequences (<, >, and &, respectively) to enter these characters. See the section Escape Sequences for more information.
Extended Quotations
Use the <BLOCKQUOTE> tag to include lengthy quotations in a separate block on the screen. Most browsers generally change the margins for the quotation to separate it from surrounding text.
In the example:
<P>Omit needless words.</P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should
contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary
sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have
no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts.
</P>
<P>--William Strunk, Jr., 1918 </P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
the result is:
Omit needless words.
Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts.
--William Strunk, Jr., 1918
Forced Line Breaks/Postal Addresses
The <BR> tag forces a line break with no extra (white) space between lines. Using <P> elements for short lines of text such as postal addresses results in unwanted additional white space. For example, with
National Center for Supercomputing Applications<BR>
605 East Springfield Avenue<BR>
Champaign, Illinois 61820-5518<BR>
The output is:
National Center for Supercomputing Applications
605 East Springfield Avenue
Champaign, Illinois 61820-5518
Horizontal Rules
The <HR> tag produces a horizontal line the width of the browser window. A horizontal rule is useful to separate major sections of your document.
You can vary a rule's size (thickness) and width (the percentage of the window covered by the rule). Experiment with the settings until you are satisfied with the presentation. For example:
<HR SIZE=4 WIDTH="50%">
displays as:
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